Supreme+Court

** The Supreme Court ** **Supreme Court Justices ** 1. Hugo L. Black (retired 1971) 2. William O. Douglas 3. John M. Harlan (retired 1971) 4. William J. Brennan, Jr. 5. Potter Stewart 6. Byron R. White 7. Thurgood Marshall 8. Warren E. Burger (Chief Justice) 9. Harry A. Blackmun 10. Lewis F. Powell, Jr. (appointed 1971) 11. William H. Rehnquist (appointed 1971)





__Hugo L. Black__ Hugo L. Black was known for interpreting the Constitution literally. Because he insisted on such a strict interpretation of the Constitution, it is difficult to characterize him as either conservative or liberal, although his decisions did tend to be a bit more liberal than conservative. He had been a member of the Klu Klux Klan in the 1920s, but he eventually publicly disavowed the KKK and later supported the Civil Rights Movement. He resigned in 1971 just days before his death, and he was replaced by Lewis F. Powell, Jr. __William O. Douglas__ William O. Douglas, who recieved a degree from Columbia University Law School and taught at Yale University, believed in judicial activism. He did not believe that current members of the Supreme Court could rely on the precedents set by previous justices. He was devoted to supporting civil liberties, especially the right to free speech. He was against any government regulation of speech or press. He also defended the rights of accused criminals. He was a liberal justice, and he almost always agreed with Hugo L. Black's opinions. __John M. Harlan__ John M. Harlan, who received degrees from Pinceton University and Oxford University, practiced judicial restraint. He was the leader of the conservatives, so he often disagreed with Hugo L. Black, who was a liberal activist. Harlan defended federalism and was therefore against the centralization of government power. He did not support the idea that the federal Bill of Rights applied to the state governments as well as the federal government. He retired from the Supreme Court in the September of 1971 and died of cancer three months later. He was replaced by William H. Rehnquist. __William J. Brennan, Jr.__ William J. Brennan, Jr., who received a degree from Harvard University, was known as one of the most liberal justices on the Supreme Court. He opposed the death penalty and supported abortion rights, and he held many progressive views. Because of his ability to convince some of the more conservative justices to support his opinions on cases, he is often referred to as one of the most influential members of Warren's court, but as the Supreme Court became more conservative under Burger during the years of the 92nd Congress, he lost much of his influence. __Potter Stewart__ Potter Stewart, who received degrees from Yale University and Yale Law School, was a mostly moderate justice who was sometimes a bit on the conservative side. In his earlier years on the Supreme Court (before the years of the 92nd Congress), he often served as a swing vote. Before Nixon appointed Warren E. Burger to be the new Chief Justice, it was speculated that he would appoint Stewart, but Stewart had no desire to be the Chief Justice, so he met with Nixon and told him that he did not want to be considered for the position. __Bryon R. White__ Byron R. White received degrees from Oxford University and Yale University. He never really developed a distinctive ideological philosophy; he was known for being a moderate justice. His voting record spans from some liberal views to some very conservative views. For example, like most liberals, he supported the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act, but like most conservatives, he was against affirmative action. He also held conservative views on the topics of abortion and capital punishment: he was against abortion and he supported capital punishment. __Thurgood Marshall__ Thurgood Marshall was the first African American to be appointed to the Supreme Court. He was a liberal justice, and he was known for defending the rights of "the voiceless American." He was a strong supporter of individual rights protected by the Constitution. He especially supported the rights of accused criminals. He was against the death penalty, and he supported civil rights and abortion rights. He almost always sided with William J. Brennan, Jr., since the two of them shared many ideological views. __Warren E. Burger__ Richard Nixon appointed Warren E. Burger to the position of Chief Justice in 1969. Burger was a conservative justice, and he believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution. He supported the death penalty, and therefore dissented from the majority opinion in //Furman v. Georgia//, which declared the death penalty unconstitutional. He wrote the unanimous (8-0) opinion in //United States v. Richard Nixon//, in which he stated that Nixon was required to produce the incriminating Watergate tapes. __Harry A. Blackmun__ Harry A. Blackmun, who received a degree from Harvard, was appointed by Nixon after the Senate rejected two of Nixon's other appointments. Blackmun had been friends with Wrren E. Burger since grade school, and he initially cast conservative votes, supporting most of Burger's opinions, such as voting in support of capital punishment. However, after the years of the 92nd Congress ended, he gradually became more liberal, and he eventually voted in favor of abortion rights. __Lewis F. Powell, Jr.__ Lewis F. Powell, Jr. received degrees from Washington and Lee University and Harvard Law School. He was appointed by Nixon on October 21, 1971, to replace Hugo L. Black, and he was confirmed by the Senate oin December 7, 1971. He was known for being a moderate justice, and his opinions were often a compromise between the opinions of Burger and Brennan. For example, when it came to affirmative action programs, liberals supported them, conservatives were against them, and Powell thought that they should exist, but that "strict scrutiny" should be applied to them. __William H. Rehnquist__ William H. Rehnquist, who received degrees from Harvard University and Stanford University, was appointed by Nixon on October 21, 1971, to replace John M. Harlan, and he was confirmed by the Senate on December 10, 1971. In total (not just during the years of the 92nd Congress), he wrote 376 dissenting opinions, 96 concurrences, and 33 opinions concurring in part and dissenting in part. He was close friends with President Nixon, and he was very conservative. He voted against women's abortion rights and voted in favor of school prayer, capital punishment, and states' rights.
 * Biographies **

**List of All Supreme Court Cases During the 92nd Congress ** January 12, 1971 - Bruno v. Pennsylvania January 12, 1971 - // Decker // v. // Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. // January 12, 1971- Wyman v. James January 12, 1971 - NLRB v. Operating Engineers January 13, 1971 - U. S. Bulk Carriers, Inc. v. Arguelles January 14, 1971 - Blount v. Rizzi January 14, 1971 - Perkins v. Matthews January 18, 1971 - Kennerly v. District Court of Ninth Judicial Dist. of Mont. January 19, 1971 - Procunier v. Atchley January 19, 1971 - Wisconsin v. Constantineau January 20, 1971 - Mayberry v. Pennsylvania January 25, 1971 - // Piccirillo // v//.// // New York // //January 25, 1971 - Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp // //January 25, 1971 - Donaldson v. United States // //January 25, 1971 - Groppi v. Wisconsin // //January 25, 1971 - Usner v. Luckenbach Overseas Corp // //January 25, 1971 - United States v. Jorn // //February 11, 1971 - Karr v. Schmidt // //February 23, 1971 - Baird v. State Bar of Ariz. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 23, 1971 - Samuels v. Mackell // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 23, 1971 - Younger v. Harris // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 23, 1971 - Samuels v. Mackell // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 24, 1971 - Relford //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> v. // Commandant, U. S. Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenwort // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 24, 1971 - Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 24, 1971 - Ramsey v. Mine Workers // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 24, 1971 - Ocala Star-Banner Co. v. Damron // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 24, 1971 - Time, Inc. v. Pape // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 24, 1971 - Monitor Patriot Co. v. Roy // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 1, 1971 - Haywood v. National Basketball Assn. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 2, 1971 - Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 2, 1971 - Tate v. Short // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 2, 1971 - Boddie v. Connecticut // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 8, 1971 - Durham v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 8, 1971 - Grove Press, Inc. v. Maryland Bd. of Censors // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 8, 1971 - Askew v. Hargrave // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 8, 1971 - Gillette v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 8, 1971 - Griggs v. Duke Power Co. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 6, 1971 - United States v. Armour & Co. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 22, 1971 - Mine Workers v. Railing // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 23, 1971 - Ohio v. Wyandotte Chemicals Corp. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 23, 1971 - Schlanger v. Seamans // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 24, 1971 - Radich v. New York // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 24, 1971 - United States v. District Court, Water Div. No. 5 // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 24, 1971 - United States v. District Court for Eagle County // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 24, 1971 - United States v. Randall // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 24, 1971 - Nelson v. O'Neil // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 29, 1971 - Whiteley v. Warden, Wyoming State Penitentiary // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 29, 1971 - Labine v. Vincent // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 5, 1971 - Kitchens v. Smith // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 5, 1971 - Rogers v. Bellei // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 5, 1971 - Rewis v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 5, 1971 - Hill v. California // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 5, 1971 - United States v. White // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 5, 1971 - United States v. United States Coin & Currency // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 5, 1971 - Mackey v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 5, 1971 - Investment Company Institute v. Camp // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 5, 1971 - United States v. Freed // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 5, 1971 - Transportation Union v. State Bar of Mich. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 20, 1971 - Moore v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Ed. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 20, 1971 - North Carolina Bd. of Ed. v. Swann // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 20, 1971 - McDaniel v. Barresi // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 21, 1971 - Ehlert v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 21, 1971 - United States v. Vuitch // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 21, 1971 - Rosenberg v. Yee Chien Woo // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 26, 1971 - United States v. Southern Ute Tribe // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 26, 1971 - Perez v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 26, 1971 - James v. Valtierra // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 26, 1971 - California Dept. of Human Resources Development v. Java // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 3, 1971 - Richardson v. Perales // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 3, 1971 - United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 3, 1971 - United States v. Reidel // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 3, 1971 - Blonder-Tongue Laboratories, Inc. v. University of Ill. Foundation // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 3, 1971 - McGautha v. California // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 17, 1971 - Triangle Improvement Council v. Ritchie // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 17, 1971 - McGee v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 17, 1971 - California v. Byers // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 17, 1971 - Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 24, 1971 - Bostic v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 24, 1971 - Palmer v. City of Euclid // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 24, 1971 - Bell v. Burson // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 24, 1971 - United States v. Ryan // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 24, 1971 - Gainesville Util. Dept. v. Florida Power Corp. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 24, 1971 - Astrup v. INS // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 1, 1971 - Coates v. Cincinnati // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 1, 1971 - Perez v. Campbell // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 1, 1971 - United States v. International Minerals & Chemical Corp. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 1, 1971 - United States v. Greater Buffalo Press, Inc. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 7, 1971 - Johnson v. Mississippi // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 7, 1971 - Connell v. Higginbotham // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 7, 1971 - Abate v. Mundt // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 7, 1971 - Griffin v. Breckenridge // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 7, 1971 - Cohen v. California // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 7, 1971 - Gordon v. Lance // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 14, 1971 - Simpson v. Florida // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 14, 1971 - Graham v. Richardson // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 14, 1971 - Hodgson v. Steelworkers // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 14, 1971 - Motor Coach Employees v. Lockridge // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 14, 1971 - Palmer v. Thompson // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 21, 1971 - McKeiver v. Pennsylvania // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 21, 1971 - Coolidge v. New Hampshire // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 21, 1971 - Jenness v. Fortson // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 28, 1971 - Hunter v. Tennessee // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 28, 1971 - Clay v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 28, 1971 - Tilton v. Richardson // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 28, 1971 - Lemon v. Kurtzman // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 30, 1971 - New York Times Co. v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">July 27, 1971 - Mahan v. Howell // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">July 27, 1971 - NLRB v. Getman // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">July 29, 1971 - Edgar v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">August 16, 1971 - Russo v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">August 19, 1971 - Corpus Christi School Dist. v. Cisneros // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">August 23, 1971 - Lopez v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">August 25, 1971 - Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">August 30, 1971 - Jefferson Parish School Bd. v. Dandridge // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">August 31, 1971 - Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Bd. of Ed. v. Scott // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">September 10, 1971 - Gomperts v. Chase // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">October 12, 1971 - Hicks v. Pleasure House, Inc. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">October 26, 1971 - Arciniega v. Freeman // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">October 29, 1971 - Pryor v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">November 8, 1971 - Superintendent of Ins. of N. Y. v. Bankers Life & Casualty Co. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">November 8, 1971 - Younger v. Gilmore // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">November 9, 1971 - Jennings v. Mahoney // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">November 16, 1971 - Slayton v. Smith // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">November 16, 1971 - Harris v. Washington // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">November 16, 1971 - Cruz v. Hauck // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">November 16, 1971 - Camp v. Arkansas // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">November 16, 1971 - Pease v. Hansen // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">November 22, 1971 - Reed v. Reed // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">December 20, 1971 - Schilb v. Kuebel // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">December 20, 1971 - Townsend v. Swank // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">December 20, 1971 - Picard v. Connor // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">January 10, 1972 - SEC v. Medical Comm. for Human Rights // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">January 17, 1972 - Love v. Pullman Co. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">January 24, 1972 - Bradley v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">January 31, 1972 - Kadans v. Collins // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 7, 1972 - Graves v. Barnes // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 14, 1972 - Chambers v. Mississippi // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 22, 1972 - Boyd v. Dutton // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 24, 1972 - Smith v. Florida // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">February 29, 1972 - Iowa Beef Packers, Inc. v. Thompson // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 20, 1972 - Cruz v. Beto // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 20, 1972 - Rabe v. Washington // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 21, 1972 - Schneble v. Florida // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 21, 1972 - Commissioner v. First Security Bank of Utah, N. A. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 21, 1972 - Fein v. Selective Serv. System Local Bd. No. 7 of Yonkers // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 21, 1972 - Dunn v. Blumstein // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 22, 1972 - Humphrey v. Cady // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 22, 1972 - Loper v. Beto // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 22, 1972 - Eisenstadt v. Baird // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 23, 1972 - Lynch v. Household Finance Corp. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 23, 1972 - Gooding v. Wilson // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 29, 1972 - United States v. Topco Associates, Inc. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">March 29, 1972 - Ford Motor Co. v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 3, 1972 - Carter v. Stanton // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 3, 1972 - Stanley v. Illinois // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 3, 1972 - Alexander v. Louisiana // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 18, 1972 - Grubbs v. General Elec. Credit Corp. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 18, 1972 - Cole v. Richardson // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 19, 1972 - Sierra Club v. Morton // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 24, 1972 - Vermont v. New York // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">April 24, 1972 - Nebraska v. Iowa // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 15, 1972 - Dukes v. Warden, Conn. State Prison // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 15, 1972 - Wisconsin v. Yoder // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 22, 1972 - Kastigar v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 22, 1972 - Caplin v. Marine Midland Grace Trust Co. // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 22, 1972 - Johnson v. Louisiana // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">May 22, 1972 - Strait v. Laird // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 12, 1972 - Ivan V. v. City of New York // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 12, 1972 - Flower v. United States // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 12, 1972 - Fuentes v. Shevin // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 19, 1972 - Turner v. Arkansas // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 19, 1972 - Murel v. Baltimore City Criminal Court // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 19, 1972 - Shadwick v. Tampa // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 19, 1972 - Flood v. Kuhn // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 19, 1972 - Mitchum v. Foster // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 22, 1972 - Central Hardware Co. v. NLRB // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 22, 1972 - Milton v. Wainwright // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 26, 1972 - Beecher v. Alabama // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 26, 1972 - Kois v. Wisconsin // //<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; msobidifontstyle: italic;">June 26, 1972 - Police Dept. of Chicago v. Mosley // <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">June 29, 1972 - Furman v. Georgia June 29, 1972 - Port of Portland v. United States June 29, 1972 - Moore v. Illinois July 1, 1972 - Cousins v. Wigoda July 7, 1972 - O'Brien v. Brown July 19, 1972 - Aberdeen & Rockfish R. Co. v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures (SCRAP) July 29, 1972 - Russo v. Byrne August 16, 1972 - Republican State Central Comm. of Ariz. v. Ripon Society Inc. September 1, 1972 - Drummond v. Acree September 12, 1972 - Tierney v. United States October 6, 1972 - Communist Party of Ind. v. Whitcomb October 16, 1972 - United States v. Louisiana October 20, 1972 - Westermann v. Nelson October 24, 1972 - Robinson v. Hanrahan October 24, 1972 - Illinois v. Michigan October 24, 1972 - California v. Krivda November 6, 1972 - O'Brien v. Skinner November 6, 1972 - Murch v. Mottram November 7, 1972 - NLRB v. International Van Lines November 13, 1972 - Rivas v. Cozens November 14, 1972 - Ward v. Monroeville November 20, 1972 - United States v. Jim November 20, 1972 - Johnson v. New York State Ed. Dept. November 20, 1972 - Gottschalk v. Benson December 4, 1972 - Cool v. United States December 4, 1972 - Webb v. Texas December 4, 1972 - Evco v. Jones December 5, 1972 - Union Oil Co. of Cal. v. The San Jacinto December 5, 1972 - California v. LaRue December 6, 1972 - Neil v. Biggers December 7, 1972 - Swenson v. Stidham December 7, 1972 - NLRB v. Textile Workers December 7, 1972 - Trafficante v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. December 11, 1972 - One Lot Emerald Cut Stones v. United States December 12, 1972 - Erlenbaugh v. United States December 18, 1972 - Executive Jet Aviation, Inc. v. Cleveland

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 130%;">** Pivotal Supreme Court Cases ** __ June 7, 1971 – Cohen v. California __ // Cohen v. California // dealt with freedom of speech. It raised the question of the constitutionality of prohibiting the public display of offensive messages. Paul Robert Cohen was arrested for disturbing the peace with offensive conduct after wearing a jacket with “F--- the Draft. Stop the War” written on it. He wore the jacket in a courthouse to protest the Vietnam War. The Supreme Court ruled that the states do not have the right to censor citizens’ speech unless they are actively disturbing the peace. There was a 5 to 4 majority on this decision. Justice Blackmun wrote a dissenting opinion stating that because Cohen was in a public courthouse, his wearing of the jacket should have been considered conduct instead of speech, so his arrest did not violate the First Amendment. __ June 30, 1971 - New York Times Co. v. United States __ // New York Times Co. v. United States // was a consolidation of two Supreme Court cases: //New York Times Co. v. United States// and //United States v. Washington Post Co//. It raised the question of the constitutionality of President Nixon’s attempts to stop the two newspapers from publishing classified papers from the Department of Defense. The newspapers published documents known as the “Pentagon Papers” which detailed the United States’ activities in Vietnam. President Nixon tried to keep these from being published by claiming that it would pose a threat to national security. The newspapers then claimed that the First Amendment’s guarantee of freedom of the press gave them the right to publish the documents. The Supreme Court ruled that Nixon did not have the right to prohibit the papers from being published because they did not contain any information that would directly threaten the security of U.S. forces. There was a 6 to 3 majority on this decision. __ May 15, 1972 – Wisconsin v. Yoder __ //Wisconsin v. Yoder// dealt with freedom of religion. It raised the question of the constitutionality of forcing children to go to school when doing so violated their religious beliefs. Jonas Yoder was prosecuted because his children left school after eight grade while Wisconsin law required students to attend school at least until the age of sixteen. Yoder claimed that it was against his religious beliefs for his children to attend high school, so his decision was protected by the First Amendment. The Supreme Court ruled that compulsory school attendance could not be enforced if it violated children’s religious beliefs. There was a 7 to 0 majority on this decision. __ June 29, 1972 – Furman v. Georgia __ // Furman v. Georgia // was a consolidation of three Supreme Court cases: //Furman v. Georgia//, //Jackson v. Georgia//, and //Branch v. Texas//. It raised the question of the constitutionality of the death penalty for murderers and rapists. William Henry Furman was robbing a home when he tripped, which caused his gun to fire and kill a resident of the house. He was declared guilty of murder and was sentenced to the death penalty, but he argued that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment and therefore violated the Eighth Amendment. The Supreme Court ruled that for the three cases considered, the death penalty would be a cruel and unusual punishment. There was a 5 to 4 majority on this decision. Two justices, Justice Brennan and Justice Marshall, thought that the death penalty was unconstitutional in all cases, in part because African American criminals tended to receive death penalty sentences more often than white criminals did. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 160%;">
 * Major Federal Cases That Did Not Reach the Supreme Court**

__ Aikens v. California __ // Aikens v. California // was appealing a death penalty sentence by claiming that the death penalty was unconstitutional. Before this case got to reach the Supreme Court, the California Supreme Court ruled in //California v. Anderson// that the death penalty was unconstitutional. This judgment changed all death penalty sentences in California to sentences of life in prison. Because the death penalty was made unconstitutional in California, there was no reason for //Aikens v. California// to go any further.

**The Ideological Standing of the Court** The ideological standing of the Supreme Court during the years of the 92nd Congress was very evenly divided. At first, the court consisted of three liberal justices, three conservative justices, and three moderate justices. Of the three moderate justices, Hugo L. Black was more liberal than conservative, and Potter Stewart and Byron R. White were more conservative than liberal. In 1971, the moderate Hugo L. Black was replaced with the moderate Lewis F. Powell, Jr., and the conservative John M. Harlan was replaced with the conservative William H. Rehnquist. Therefore, the ideology of the Supreme Court remained perfectly divided, with three liberal justices, three conservative justices, and three moderate justices. Of the three moderate justices, Potter Stewart and Byron R. White were still more conservative than liberal, and Lewis F. Powell swung back and forth between liberal and conservative viewpoints, depending on the issue. Therfore, it could be said that the Supreme Court was slightly more conservative than liberal, since most of the moderate justices tended to lean toward conservative viewpoints. However, there were cases where the majority opinion reflected a liberal viewpoint on an issue, such as //Furman v. Georgia//, which declared that the death penalty was unconstitutional.

President Nixon was a conservative, and many of the Supreme Court justices were either conservative or moderate/conservative. Therefore, in general, the Supreme Court got along well with Nixon, even though none of the justices sided with him in //United States v. Richard Nixon//. Also, Nixon was disappointed that the Supreme Court under Burger did not overturn more of the liberal decisions made by Chief Justice Earl Warren's court.
 * Interaction With Other Branches **

The Supreme Court also got along fairly well with Congress. The 92nd Congress had a Democratic majority in both houses, and many of the congressmen were liberals. Even though there were some justices on the Supreme Court who were very conservative, there was an equal amount of justices who were very liberal, so the Supreme Court did not have any real conflicts with Congress.

Introduction Congress Presidency